ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND The genetic heterogeneity of Leishmania parasites is a major factor responsible for the wide variety of Leishmania-associated manifestations. Consequently, understanding the genetic make-up of Leishmania species using suitable molecular markers is an important component of realising local and regional scale disease risk. The cytochrome b (cytb) is frequently used to type New World Leishmania species. However, its potential to discriminate Leishmania species and variants requires further evaluation. OBJECTIVES To explore the capacity of cytb gene to identify New World Leishmania species and variants and to develop an approach able to type local Leishmania species and variants. METHODS We retrieved 360 partial and complete Leishmania cytb gene sequences publicly available in GenBank database to study all single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the cytb gene that differentiate New World Leishmania species. This information was used to develop an approach based upon the polymorphisms found in a DNA segment of 948bp. We also compared the typing results found with this technique with the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) profiling obtained using HSP70 gene as target. One hundred Panamanian isolates were used to both typed Leishmania species and assess local genetic variability. FINDINGS We found complete agreement between our cytb approach and the PCR-RFLP profiling method based on HSP70 for Leishmania species identification. Ninety-two isolates were identified as L. panamensis, although other Viannia species were found circulating at a lower frequency. Three L. panamensis haplotypes were identified in Panamanian provinces. We also provide an initial report of L. guyanensis haplotypes circulating in Panama. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Cytb gene sequence encompasses key main SNPs that aid to identify Leishmania species. The cytb approach developed with this information was able to identify and assess genetic variability of local Leishmania species found in this study.
Subject(s)
Humans , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous , Leishmania/genetics , Panama , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length , Polymerase Chain Reaction , DNA, Protozoan/genetics , Cytochromes b/geneticsABSTRACT
RESUMEN El consumo de sustancias psicoactivas se ha relacionado con diversos factores de riesgo y protección en la búsqueda de optimizar la adherencia al tratamiento y prevenir recaídas. Objetivo : Determinar la relación entre resiliencia e inteligencia emocional en pacientes diagnosticados con trastorno por consumo de sustancias. Material y Métodos : Estudio cuantitativo, no experimental, correlacional y transversal. La muestra fue de 43 pacientes, 13 mujeres (30%) y 30 varones (70%), entre 15 y 53 años. Se utilizó la Escala de Resiliencia de Wagnild y Young (α 0,821), y el Inventario Emocional de BarOn ICE (α 0,833). Resultados : Las dimensiones de resiliencia (confianza en sí mismo y perseverancia) tienen influencia significativamente positiva en los factores de inteligencia emocional, i.e., intrapersonal y estado de ánimo general. Conclusiones : En personas con diagnóstico de adicción a sustancias, la capacidad de resiliencia se relaciona positivamente con su habilidad general para afrontar demandas y presiones.
SUMMARY The use of psychoactive substances has been related to various risk and protective factors in the search for optimization of treatment adherence and relapse prevention. Objective : To determine the relationship between resilience and emotional intelligence in patients diagnosed with addiction to psychoactive substances. Material and Methods : Quantitative, non-experimental, correlational and cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 43 patients, 13 women (30%) and 30 men (70%) between the ages of 15 and 53. The Wagnild and Young´s Resilience Scale (α 0.821) and the BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory (α 0.833), were used. Results : The dimensions of resilience (self-reliance and perseverance) have a very significant positive influence on the emotional intelligence factors. i.e,, intrapersonal and general mood. Conclusions: In individuals diagnosed with addiction to psychoactive substances, the resilience capability is positively related to their general ability to face demands and pressures.